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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Anaerobe Methanoxidation</span></h1>
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<p>Die <b>Anaerobe Methanoxidation</b> ist ein <a href="Stoffwechsel" title="Stoffwechsel">Stoffwechselprozess</a>, welcher von verschiedenen <a href="Mikroorganismen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikroorganismen">Mikroorganismen</a> in <a href="Symbiose" title="Symbiose">Symbiose</a> durchgeführt wird. Dieser Prozess findet in sauerstofffreien <a href="Meerwasser" title="Meerwasser">Meerwasser</a>- und <a href="S%C3%BC%C3%9Fwasser" title="Süßwasser">Süßwasser</a>-<a href="Sediment" class="mw-redirect" title="Sediment">Sedimenten</a> statt. <a href="Methan" title="Methan">Methan</a> wird nicht mittels <a href="Sauerstoff" title="Sauerstoff">Sauerstoff</a>, sondern mittels <a href="Sulfat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfat">Sulfat</a>, <a href="Metalloxide" title="Metalloxide">Metalloxiden</a>, <a href="Nitrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrat">Nitrat</a> oder <a href="Nitrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrit">Nitrit</a> <a href="Oxidation" title="Oxidation">oxidiert</a>.
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methanoxidation_mit_Sulfat">Methanoxidation mit Sulfat</h2></div>
<p>Dieser Prozess stellt eine <a href="Symbiose" title="Symbiose">Symbiose</a> von methanotrophen <a href="Archaeen" title="Archaeen">Archaeen</a> mit <a href="Desulfurikation" title="Desulfurikation">sulfatreduzierenden</a> <a href="Bakterien" title="Bakterien">Bakterien</a> dar.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die beiden <a href="Organismus" title="Organismus">Organismen</a> schließen sich meist zu <a href="Konsortium_(Mikrobiologie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Konsortium (Mikrobiologie)">Aggregaten</a> (Konsortien) zusammen oder sie kommen als voluminöse <a href="Biofilm" title="Biofilm">Matten</a> vor. Co-Kulturen können im Labor unterhalten werden, die <a href="Generationszeit" title="Generationszeit">Verdopplungszeit</a> beträgt jedoch mehrere Monate.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Archaeen werden ANME genannt (für anaerobe Methanotrophe) und sind eng verwandt mit methanogenen Archaeen. Der Stoffwechsel der <a href="Anaerobie" title="Anaerobie">anaeroben</a> Methanoxidation ist umgekehrt zur <a href="Methanogenese" title="Methanogenese">Methanbildung</a>. Aufgrund <a href="Genetik" title="Genetik">genetischer</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und <a href="Enzym" title="Enzym">enzymatischer</a><sup id="cite_ref-Scheller2010_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheller2010-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Untersuchungen wird angenommen, dass sehr ähnliche <a href="Enzym" title="Enzym">Enzyme</a> die jeweilige Rückreaktion <a href="Katalysieren" class="mw-redirect" title="Katalysieren">katalysieren</a>.
Die Verknüpfung der Methanoxidation mit der Sulfatreduktion wird gemäß der neuesten <a href="Hypothese" title="Hypothese">Hypothese</a> durch elektrische <a href="Leitf%C3%A4higkeit" title="Leitfähigkeit">Leitfähigkeit</a> ermöglicht.<sup id="cite_ref-McGlynn2015_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGlynn2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wegener2015_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wegener2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dabei fließen <a href="Elektron" title="Elektron">Elektronen</a> via multi-<a href="H%C3%A4me_(Stoffgruppe)" title="Häme (Stoffgruppe)">heme</a> <i>c</i>-type <a href="Cytochrome" title="Cytochrome">Cytochrome</a><sup id="cite_ref-Pirbadian2012_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pirbadian2012-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> von den methanotrophen Archaeen zu den sulfat-reduzierenden Bakterien.
</p><p>Die Reaktionsgleichung lautet:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {CH_{4}+SO_{4}^{2-}\longrightarrow HCO_{3}^{-}+HS^{-}+H_{2}O} }">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {CH_{4}+SO_{4}^{2-}\longrightarrow HCO_{3}^{-}+HS^{-}+H_{2}O} }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8f52a3e9920e3235be65af91d9d0cc00cf35537f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:39.418ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {CH_{4}+SO_{4}^{2-}\longrightarrow HCO_{3}^{-}+HS^{-}+H_{2}O} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methanoxidation_mit_Metalloxiden">Methanoxidation mit Metalloxiden</h2></div>
<p>Anaerobe Methanoxidation gekoppelt mit der Reduktion von <a href="Eisenoxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Eisenoxide">Eisen-</a> und <a href="Mangan#Sauerstoffverbindungen" title="Mangan">Manganoxiden</a> wurde berichtet<sup id="cite_ref-Beal2009_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beal2009-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, jedoch konnte dieser Vorgang nicht einem spezifischen Organismus zugeordnet werden. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass ANME, welche normalerweise mit sulfatreduzierenden Bakterien zusammenleben, in der Lage sind Elektronen von Methan auf verschiedene künstliche <a href="Oxidationsmittel" title="Oxidationsmittel">Oxidationsmittel</a> zu übertragen.<sup id="cite_ref-Scheller2016_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheller2016-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aufgrund dieser Entdeckung kann spekuliert werden, dass Methanoxidation mit Metalloxiden ebenfalls funktionieren muss und somit ein alternativer <a href="Stoffwechsel" title="Stoffwechsel">Metabolismus</a> darstellt für ANME, welche normalerweise mit sulfatreduzierenden Bakterien zusammenleben.<sup id="cite_ref-Rotaru2016_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rotaru2016-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methanoxidation_mit_Nitrat">Methanoxidation mit Nitrat</h2></div>
<p>Methanoxidation mit Nitrat wird von <i><a href="Methanoperedens_nitroreducens" title="Methanoperedens nitroreducens">Methanoperedens nitroreducens</a></i> (ANME-2d) durchgeführt. Für diesen Organismus wurde das <a href="Genom" title="Genom">Genom</a> entschlüsselt und zeigt, dass alle <a href="Gen" title="Gen">Gene</a> für den Stoffwechsel der reversen Methanogenese vorhanden sind. Eine Kultivierung im Labor gelingt bislang nur in Co-Kultur, z.&nbsp;B. mit Anammox-Bakterien, welche das Stoffwechselprodukt Nitrit effizient entfernen.<sup id="cite_ref-Haroon2013_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haroon2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vaksmaa2017_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaksmaa2017-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Die Reaktionsgleichung lautet:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {CH_{4}+4\ NO_{3}^{-}\longrightarrow CO_{2}+4\ NO_{2}^{-}+2\ H_{2}O} }">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {CH_{4}+4\ NO_{3}^{-}\longrightarrow CO_{2}+4\ NO_{2}^{-}+2\ H_{2}O} }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/476e5012d452d8751f5c017037a96f18774b915d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:42.592ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {CH_{4}+4\ NO_{3}^{-}\longrightarrow CO_{2}+4\ NO_{2}^{-}+2\ H_{2}O} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methanoxidation_mit_Nitrit">Methanoxidation mit Nitrit</h2></div>
<p>Methanoxidation mit Nitrit wird vom Bakterium <i>Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera</i> durchgeführt.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Es wird angenommen, dass dieses Bakterium intern Sauerstoff herstellt. Die eigentliche Methanaktivierung ist deshalb nicht anaerob. Der Stoffwechsel findet analog zur aeroben Methanoxidation statt.
</p><p>Die Reaktionsgleichung lautet:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {3\ CH_{4}+8\ NO_{2}^{-}+8\ H^{+}\longrightarrow 3\ CO_{2}+4\ N_{2}+10\ H_{2}O} }">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {3\ CH_{4}+8\ NO_{2}^{-}+8\ H^{+}\longrightarrow 3\ CO_{2}+4\ N_{2}+10\ H_{2}O} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b3995f7887872d2bec075ed5e57ec966d46913e0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:52.813ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {3\ CH_{4}+8\ NO_{2}^{-}+8\ H^{+}\longrightarrow 3\ CO_{2}+4\ N_{2}+10\ H_{2}O} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Umweltrelevanz">Umweltrelevanz</h2></div>
<p>Die anaerobe Methanoxidation überführt das starke <a href="Treibhausgas" title="Treibhausgas">Treibhausgas</a> Methan in das weniger starke Treibhausgas <a href="Kohlenstoffdioxid" title="Kohlenstoffdioxid">CO<sub>2</sub></a>. Es wird geschätzt, dass bis zu 300 Millionen Tonnen Methan pro Jahr mit Sulfat oxidiert werden.<sup id="cite_ref-Scheller2010_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheller2010-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siehe_auch">Siehe auch</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Anammox" title="Anammox">Anammox</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-McGlynn2015-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-McGlynn2015_1-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-McGlynn2015_1-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Shawn E. McGlynn, Grayson L. Chadwick, Christopher P. Kempes, Victoria J. Orphan: <i>Single cell activity reveals direct electron transfer in methanotrophic consortia.</i> In: <i><a href="Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a>.</i> 526, 2015, S. 531–535, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nature15512" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1038/nature15512">doi:10.1038/nature15512</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Wegener2015-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Wegener2015_2-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Wegener2015_2-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Gunter Wegener, Viola Krukenberg, Dietmar Riedel, Halina E. Tegetmeyer, Antje Boetius.: <i>Intercellular wiring enables electron transfer between methanotrophic archaea and bacteria.</i> In: <i><a href="Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a>.</i> 526, 2015, S. 587–590, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nature15733" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1038/nature15733">doi:10.1038/nature15733</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Haroon2013-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Haroon2013_3-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Haroon2013_3-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Mohamed F. Haroon, Shihu Hu, Ying Shi, Michael Imelfort, Jurg Keller, Philip Hugenholtz, Zhiguo Yuan, Gene W. Tyson: <i>Anaerobic oxidation of methane coupled to nitrate reduction in a novel archaeal lineage.</i> In: <i>Nature.</i> 500, Nr. 7464, 2013, S. 567–570, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12375" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1038/nature12375">doi:10.1038/nature12375</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ashna A. Raghoebarsing u. a.: <i>A microbial consortium couples anaerobic methane oxidation to denitrification.</i> In: <i>Nature.</i> 440, Nr. 7086, 2006, S. 918–921, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04617" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1038/nature04617">doi:10.1038/nature04617</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Katrin Knittel, Antje Boetius: <i>Anaerobic Oxidation of Methane: Progress with an Unknown Process.</i> In: <i><a href="Annual_Review_of_Microbiology" title="Annual Review of Microbiology">Annual Review of Microbiology</a>.</i> 63, Nr. 1, 2009, S. 311–334, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.micro.61.080706.093130" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.61.080706.093130">doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.61.080706.093130</a>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19575572?dopt=Abstract">PMID 19575572</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Katja Nauhaus, Melanie Albrecht, Marcus Elvert, Antje Boetius, Friedrich Widdel: <i>In vitro cell growth of marine archaeal-bacterial consortia during anaerobic oxidation of methane with sulfate.</i> In: <i>Environmental Microbiology.</i> 9, Nr. 1, 2007, S. 187–196, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01127.x" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01127.x">doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01127.x</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven J. Hallam, Nik Putnam, Christina M. Preston, John C. Detter, Daniel Rokhsar, Paul M. Richardson, Edward F. DeLong: <i>Reverse Methanogenesis: Testing the Hypothesis with Environmental Genomics.</i> In: <i><a href="Science" title="Science">Science</a>.</i> 305, Nr. 5689, 2004, S. 1457–1462, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1100025" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1126/science.1100025">doi:10.1126/science.1100025</a>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15353801?dopt=Abstract">PMID 15353801</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Scheller2010-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Scheller2010_8-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Scheller2010_8-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Silvan Scheller, Meike Goenrich, Reinhard Boecher, Rudolf K. Thauer, Bernhard Jaun: <i>The key nickel enzyme of methanogenesis catalyses the anaerobic oxidation of methane.</i> In: <i>Nature.</i> 465, Nr. 7298, 2010, S. 606–608, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09015" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1038/nature09015">doi:10.1038/nature09015</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Pirbadian2012-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Pirbadian2012_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sahand Pirbadian, Mohamed Y. El-Naggar: <i>Multistep hopping and extracellular charge transfer in microbial redox chains.</i> In: <i>Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics.</i> 14, 2012, S. 13802–13808, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1039/c2cp41185g" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1039/c2cp41185g">doi:10.1039/c2cp41185g</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Beal2009-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Beal2009_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Emily J. Beal, Christopher H. House, Victoria J. Orphan: <i>Manganese- and Iron-Dependent Marine Methane Oxidation.</i> In: <i><a href="Science" title="Science">Science</a>.</i> 325, 2009, S. 184–187, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1169984" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1126/science.1169984">doi:10.1126/science.1169984</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Scheller2016-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Scheller2016_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Silvan Scheller, Hang Yu, Grayson L. Chadwick, Shawn E. McGlynn, Victoria J. Orphan.: <i>Artificial electron acceptors decouple archaeal methane oxidation from sulfate reduction.</i> In: <i><a href="Science" title="Science">Science</a>.</i> 351, 2016, S. 703–707, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad7154" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1126/science.aad7154">doi:10.1126/science.aad7154</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Rotaru2016-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Rotaru2016_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Amelia-Elena Rotaru, Bo Thamdrup.: <i>A new diet for methane oxidizers.</i> In: <i><a href="Science" title="Science">Science</a>.</i> 351, 2016, S. 658–659, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf0741" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1126/science.aaf0741">doi:10.1126/science.aaf0741</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Katharina F. Ettwig, Baoli Zhua, Daan Speth, Jan T. Keltjens, Mike S. M. Jetten, Boran Kartal: <cite style="font-style:italic">Archaea catalyze iron-dependent anaerobic oxidation of methane</cite>. 24.&nbsp;Oktober 2016, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1609534113">10.1073/pnas.1609534113</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2016/10/19/1609534113">pnas.org</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Anaerobe+Methanoxidation&amp;rft.au=Katharina+F.+Ettwig%2C+Baoli+Zhua%2C+Daan+Speth%2C+...&amp;rft.btitle=Archaea+catalyze+iron-dependent+anaerobic+oxidation+of+methane&amp;rft.date=2016-10-24&amp;rft.doi=10.1073%2Fpnas.1609534113&amp;rft.genre=book" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Vaksmaa2017-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Vaksmaa2017_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Annika Vaksmaa, Simon Guerrero-Cruz, Theo A. van Alen, Geert Cremers, Katharina F. Ettwig, Claudia Lüke, Mike S.&nbsp;M. Jetten: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecosia.org/search?q=enrichment+of+anaerobic+nitrate-dependend+methanothophic">Enrichment of anaerobic nitrate-dependent methanotrophic ‘<i>Candidatus</i> Methanoperedens nitroreducens’ archaea from an Italian paddy field soil</a>, in: Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, Band 101, Nr.&nbsp;18, S.&nbsp;7075–7084, 4. August 2017, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-017-8416-0" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1007/s00253-017-8416-0">doi:10.1007/s00253-017-8416-0</a>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28779290?dopt=Abstract">PMID 28779290</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5569662/">PMC&nbsp;5569662</a> (freier Volltext)</span>
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Katharina F. Ettwig u. a.: <i>Nitrite-driven anaerobic methane oxidation by oxygenic bacteria.</i> In: <i>Nature.</i> 464, Nr. 7288, 2010, S. 543–548, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08883" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1038/nature08883">doi:10.1038/nature08883</a>.</span>
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